Wednesday, October 30, 2013

Hidden History of Portland: A Preview


In Hidden History of Portland I have tried to tell stories from Portland’s history that have not been well told in the past.  I explore the experiences of various groups who have faced discrimination and repression. In this preview I hope to give you a little taste of what you will find in the book.
Part I: Oregon vs. Ilahee

            The area where Portland is now has been inhabited for thousands of years by a wide variety of people. In this chapter I explore the people who lived here before Euro-American settlement began in the 19th century. I also explore the native resistance to white settlement and the way early Oregon politicians used violence against Native Americans to build the state.

During the Nez Perce War of 1877 Lt. C.E.S. Wood kept an illustrated journal of his experience. He leaked several of his pictures and impressions to Harper’s Magazine in an attempt to shape public opinion about the war.
 

Before Portland
The area where Portland is now has been inhabited for thousands of years. A complex society based on a mixture of cultures, family ties and trade was wiped out by disease and violence when the Euro-American settlers came to the Pacific Northwest to stay.
            War Brokers
In the 1850s men like Gen. Joseph Lane and Gov. George Law Curry used violence and war against the Indians to create the state of Oregon. The Rogue River Wars and the 1855 Yakima War were conscious elements of the plan to create a state.
            C.E.S. Wood: A Rebel Formed by War
The Nez Perce War of 1877 was the last well-organized Native American military resistance to American settlement in the Pacific Northwest. C.E.S. Wood, who later became one of Portland’s most prominent attorneys and political radicals, was a U.S. Army lieutenant during the war and his experience had a huge influence on his later life.
Part II: Woman’s Work
Women who came to the Oregon Territory faced legal and social repression, but some of them found unique opportunities that were often not available to women in the East.
The high point of Abigail Scott Duniway’s career came in 1912 when Governor Oswald West asked her to write the Woman Suffrage proclamation. After forty years of tireless political activism Duniway was in her eighties and only had a couple of years left to live.
        Walks Far Woman and Other Female Pioneers
Marie Dorion, a woman of the Iowa Nation known as Walks Far Woman by her people, was one of the first pioneer women to come to Oregon; accompanying the Wilson Price Hunt expedition to Astoria in 1811. She made the trip while pregnant and caring for two young sons. The hardship that “Walks Far Woman” faced was similar to that found by thousands of other pioneers who followed her to the new territory.
            Disorderly Praying in Stumptown
The Temperance Movement was one of the first expressions of the women’s movement in the United States. In Portland it began with the Great Temperance Crusade of 1874.  This political movement aroused great feelings in Portland and offered a vision of political action and liberation for women. The anti-alcohol movement split the women’s movement in Portland delaying the woman’s vote in Oregon until 1912.
            Abigail Scott Duniway: Remaking the World With Her Words
Abigail Scott Duniway crossed the Oregon Trail with her family at the age of 17 and grew to adulthood along with the State of Oregon. A novelist, journalist, publisher and businesswoman, Duniway became one of the most important political activists in the region.
            Susan B. Anthony: A Peaceful Warrior
Susan B. Anthony, America’s great women’s leader, visited Portland three times between 1871 and 1905. The story of her visits and activism in Oregon illustrate the course of the woman’s movement in the state.
Part III: Tacit Agreements
Portland has always had a small, but vocal African-American community. Making tacit agreements with the white community about the “place” of blacks, some African-Americans were able to achieve prosperity.
 
In 1899 Company B of the 24th Infantry, a Buffalo Soldier unit with black soldiers and white officers, was stationed at Fort Vancouver. The 24th saw combat in Cuba and the Philippines and was used to break a strike of miners in Idaho. The men of the 24th made connections with Portland’s black community and many of them set down roots in the Northwest.
 
 
To Be Treated as Free People
Discouraged by Black Exclusion and Sundown Laws, African-Americans still came to Oregon at all stages of Portland’s history.  From the successful resistance to the Black Exclusion laws by Abner and Lynda Francis to the lawsuit that integrated Portland Public Schools in 1870 organized themselves to resist racist laws and attitudes, but Portland soon gained the reputation as the most racist American city outside of the South.
            George Hardin: Police and the Color Line
Once Portland’s African-American community achieved stability the fight for equal opportunity in public employment began. George Hardin, one of the first black men to be hired by the Portland Police Bureau, struggled for decades to integrate the police force.
            Beatrice Morrow Cannady: Tea and Racial Equality
Beatrice Morrow Cannady arrived in Portland in 1912 and took over editing the Advocate, Portland’s second African-American newspaper.  Over the next two decades Cannady’s gave voice to the black community and fought for equal rights; becoming Oregon’s first black woman attorney and the first African-American to run for public office in the state.
Part IV: The Most Alien of Aliens
            Asian-Americans have always made up one of the largest racial groups in Portland’s population. The history of Portland’s Chinese and Japanese settlers is well documented, but little told. Both groups faced intense racial discrimination and even violence, but they persevered and made large contributions to Portland culture and prosperity.
Chinese and Japanese workers were vital to the development of Portland as the transportation hub for the region. Competition for jobs made Chinese Labor an important issue in the growing labor union movement.
 
The Celestial Kingdom in Portland
In the 1870s large parts of Portland were destroyed by fires. In both instances anti-Chinese feeling was prominent. In addition to the large number of Asian workers who built railroads and other elements of infrastructure a class of Chinese merchants became active in Portland and made common cause with the city’s establishment. By the end of the 1870s the city was split over the issue of the Chinese: working people violently agitated for outright expulsion; property owners and the wealthy supported and protected the Chinese community.
            The Chinese Question
In 1880s anti-Chinese feeling reached a high point. Chinese workers were physically expelled from communities all over California, Oregon and Washington. When the Chinese communities were expelled from Tacoma and Seattle, most of them came to Portland. During that time Portland’s Chinatown swelled until it made up more than 25% of the city’s population. 
            Jack Yoshihara: Interrupted Lives
 After Chinese immigration to the U.S. was restricted in 1882, Japanese workers took their places in railroad construction. By the twentieth century most of the Nissei, first generation Japanese immigrants, and their children, the Issei, identified as Americans. World War II caused a huge crisis among Portland’s Japanese citizens, most of whom were interned in Idaho for the duration of the war. Jack Yoshihara, a college football player for the Beavers, encountered huge consequences for his life when he was not allowed to travel with his teammates to the Beaver’s first Rose Bowl appearance.
Part V: The Problems of Self Government
            Self government was the main motivation that pioneers had when coming to Oregon. Portland was founded as a city by a public meeting in 1851. City politics was soon dominated by a small group of wealthy merchants who ran the city to suit their own interests.
Harry Lane was elected mayor of Portland in 1905. A Democrat, he received support from the Progressive wing of the Republican Party and William S. U’Ren’s People’s Power League. In 1913 he became the first U.S. Senator elected by popular vote.
                    Political Warfare
The first several decades of Portland history were dominated by a struggle for political power between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. The focus of the struggle was control of the city’s Police Bureau. After 1880 the Republican Party had undisputed control of both city and state government and its members, such as James Lotan, took advantage of their power to enrich themselves.
                        The Oregon System
In the 1890s disgust over the abuses of the Republican Party led to a powerful populist movement, first in the People’s Party and later with the Progressive Party. The movement, under the leadership of William S. U’Ren, brought in a revolution in “direct democracy” that led to the Oregon System, which included direct election of Senators, the Initiative and Referendum and the Recall election among other reforms.
                        Lola Baldwin: The Day of the Girl
The Lewis and Clark Exposition of 1905 brought national attention and renewed emigration to Portland. The new wave of emigration included thousands of young women looking for a better life. Women such as Lola Baldwin, Portland’s first woman police officer, and Louise Bryant, a reporter for the Oregonian, found new opportunities in careers that had been previously dominated by men.
            To read more click here
Part VI: To the Brink of Revolution
            Labor unions had been active in Portland since the beginning of the city in 1851, but racist and sexist policies on the part of the unions limited their scope and power. In the twentieth century the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) began to organize migratory workers and other workers without regard to their race or gender.  Before the Great War the IWW gained great power in Portland, but the war and the Red Scare that followed broke the power of the union.
            No Outward Sign
The period 1880-1930 has been called the Golden Age of the Migratory Worker. In the Pacific Northwest, where the economy was dominated by agriculture, lumber and mining, migratory workers made up a large part of the labor force. Migrants developed a complex culture that used expressive language to convey their iconoclastic view of the world. Homosexuality was an accepted part of the migrant worker culture and their presence in Portland contributed to the city’s first gay community.
            Sulphuric Eloquence: Dr. Marie Equi and the Wobblies
Dr. Marie Equi, an open lesbian, became one of the most important radicals in Portland. Her experience with the Oregon Packing Company strike and IWW Free Speech Fight in 1913 radicalized her and led to her life-long advocacy of women’s and workers’ rights.
            Stewart Holbrook: Inventing Working People’s History
The Great War and the Red Scare that followed saw the repression of the IWW in the Pacific Northwest. Cultural and technological changes transformed the experience and culture of workers, but the Great Depression of 1929 brought a revival of organizing and political activism. During this time Stewart Holbrook, a freelance writer, pioneered a new type of history that sought to tell the story of working people and others who had been ignored by standard histories.
 

Wednesday, September 11, 2013

Bibliography


 
Abbott, Carl. (2011). Portland in Three Centuries. University of Oregon Press: Corvallis, OR.
Andrew J. Bolon, Indian Agent. Officer Down Memorial Page. Retrieved from http://www.odmp.org/officer/2011-indian-agent-andrew-j-bolon
Armentrout-Ma, Eve. (1983). Urban Chinese at the Sinitic Frontier: Social Organization in the United States’ Chinatowns 1849-1898. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1983), 107-135.
Avery, Curtis E. (1956). Toward an Understanding of Sex Education in Oregon. The Coordinator, Vol. 5, No. 1 (September 1956), 1-10.
Azuma, Eiichiro. (1993). A History of Oregon’s Issei 1880-1952. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 4 The Japanese in Oregon (Winter 1993-94), 315-367.
Bachman, Gregg. (1997). Still in the Dark: Silent Film Audiences. Film History, Vol. 9, No. 1 Silent Cinema (1997), 23-48.
Bagley, Clarence B. (1912). Transmission of Intelligence in Early Days in Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 13 (Dec. 1, 1912), 347-362.
Baker, Abner. (1966). Economic Growth in Portland in the 1880s. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 2, Impact of the Transcontinentals (june 1966), 104-123.
Baldasty, Gerald J. (1999). Newspapers for the Wage Earning Class: E.W. Scripps and the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 4 (Fall 1999), 171-181.
Barker, Neil. (2000). Portland’s Works Progress Administration. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Winter 2000), 414-441.
Barker-Benfield, Ben. (1972). The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality. Feminist Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Summer 1972), 45-74.
Barry, J. Nelson. (1927). The Indians of Oregon – Geographic Distribution of Linguistic Families. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (March 1927), 49-61.
Beckham, Stephen Dow. (1969). Lonely Outpost: The Army’s Fort Umpqua. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 3 (September 1969), 233-257.
Beisel, Nicola and Tamara Kay. (2004). Abortion, Race and Gender in Nineteenth Century America. American Sociological Review, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Aug 2004), 498-518.
Berry, Edwin C. (1945). Profiles: Portland. Journal of Educational Sociology, Vol. 19, No. 3 Race Relations on the Pacific Coast (November 1945), 158-165.
Beyond the Nez Perce War: Letters and Reports Tracing the Beginning of the Epic 1877 Conflict. (2008). Bear Creek Press: Wallowa, OR.
Bigelow, William and Norman Diamond. (1988). Agitate, Educate, Organize Portland 1934. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 1 (Spring 1988), 5-29.
Bingham, Edwin R. (1959). Oregon’s Romantic Rebels: John Reed and Charles Erskine Scott Wood. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 3 (July 1959), 77-90.
Blackford, Mansel G. (1984). The Lost Dream: Businessmen and City Planning in Portland, Oregon 1903-1914. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 1 (January 1984), 39-56.
Blair, Karen J. (2001). The State of Research on Pacific Northwest Women. Frontiers: a Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3 Women’s West (2001), 48-56.
Blalock, Barney. (2012). Portland’s Lost Waterfront: Tall Ships, Steam Mills and Sailors’ Boardinghouses. History Press: Charleston, SC and London.
Boag, Peter. (1999). Sex and Politics in Progressive Era Portland and Eugene: The 1912 Same-Sex Vice Scandal. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 2 (Summer 1999), 158-181.
Boag, Peter. (2003). Same Sex Affairs: Constructing and Controlling Homosexuality in the Pacific Northwest. University of California Press: Berkeley, Los Angeles and London.
Boag, Peter. (2004). Does Portland Need a Homophile Society? Gay Culture and Activism in the Rose City between World War II and Stonewall. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 105, No. 1 (Spring 2004). 6-39.
Boag, Peter. (2005). Go West Young Man, Go East Young Woman: Searching for the Trans in Western Gender History. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 4 (Winter 2005), 477-497.
Bogle, Kathryn Hall. (1988). An American Negro Speaks on Color and On Writing “An American Negro…” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 1 (Spring 1988), 70-91.
Booth, Brian. (1992). Wildmen, Wobblies and Whistle Punks: Stewart Holbrook’s Low Brow Northwest. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis, OR.
Bosker, Gideon and Lena Lencek. (1985). Frozen Music: A History of Portland Architecture. Western Imprints, Press of the Oregon Historical Society: Portland, OR.
Bouman, Mark J. (1991). The “Good Lamp is the Best Police” Metaphor and Ideologies of the Nineteenth Century Urban Landscape. American Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Fall 1991), 63-78.
Bourne, Edward G. (1905). Aspects of Oregon History Before 1840. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 6 (Sept. 1, 1905), 255-275.
Bracher, Frederick. (1984). How It Was Then: The Pacific Northwest in the Twenties. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 2 (Summer 1984), 154-180.
Capozzola, Christopher. (2002). The Only Badge Needed is Your Patriotic Fervor: Vigilance, Coercion and the Law in World War I America. The Journal of American History, Vol. 88, No. 4 (March 2002), 1354-1382.
Carson, Kevin. (2011). The Long Journey of the Nez Perce: A Battle History from Cottonwood to Bear Paw. Westholme Publishing: Yardley, PA.
Chandler, JD. (2013). Murder and Mayhem in Portland, Oregon. History Press: Charleston, SC and London.
Cherny, Robert W. (1995). The Making of a Labor Radical: Harry Bridges 1901-1934. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 64, No. 3 (August 1995), 363-388.
Clark, Jr. Malcolm. (1955). The Lady and the Law: A Portrait of Mary Leonard. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 2 (June 1955), 126-139.
Clark, Jr. Malcolm. (1956). The Columbia by Stewart Holbrook. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 (June 1956), 174-175.
Clark, Jr. Malcolm. (1957). The War on the Webfoot Saloon. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 1 (March 1957), 48-62.
Clark, Jr. Malcolm. (1974). The Bigot Disclosed: 90 Years of Nativism. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 75, No. 2 (June 1974), 109-190.
Clark, Jr. Malcolm. (1980). The Urban West at the End of the Frontier by Lawrence H. Larsen. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Spring 1980), 103-104.
Coan, C.F. (1922). Adoption of the Reservation Policy in Pacific Northwest, 1853-1855. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 23 (March 1, 1922), 1-38.
Cocks, Catherine. (2006). Rethinking sexuality in the Progressive Era. The Journal of the Glided Age and Progressive Era, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 2006), 93-118.
Context for Treatymaking: Biography – Peopoemoxmox (Yellow Bird or Yellow Serpent). Washington State Historical Society, The Treaty Trail: Retrieved from http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/treatytrail/context/bios/peopeomoxmox-wallawalla.htm
Corbett, P. Scott. (1977). The Chinese in Oregon 1870-1880. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 1 (March 1977), 73-85.
Dann, Robert H. (1952). Capital Punishment in Oregon. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 284, Murder and the Penalty of Death (November 1952), 110-114.
Davenport, T.W. (1908). Slavery Question in Oregon: Recollections and Reflections of a Historical Nature, Having Special to the Slavery Agitation in the Oregon territory and Including the Status up to the Beginning of Secession in 1861. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 9 (Sept. 1, 1908), 189-253.
Davenport, T.W. (1908-2). The Slavery Question in Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 9 (Dec. 1, 1908), 309-373.
De Lorme, Roland L. (1985). Crime and Punishment in the Pacific Northwest Territories: A Bibliographic Essay. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 2 (April 1985), 42-51.
Deutsch, Herman J. (1952). Far Corner: A Personal View of the Pacific Northwest by Stewart Holbrook. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3 (July 1952), 234-235.
Devor, Holly. (1993). Sexual Orientation Identities, Attractions and Practices of Female-to-Male Transexuals. The Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 30, No. 4 (November 1993), 303-315.
Dickson, Paul and Thomas B. Allen. (2004). The Bonus Army: An American Epic. Walker & Company: New York, NY.
Diffee, Christopher. (2005). Sex and the City: The White Slavery Scare and social Governance in the Progressive Era. American Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 (June 2005), 411-437.
Dippre, Harold C. (1966). Corruption and the Disputed Election Vote of Oregon in the 1876 Election. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 3 (September 1966), 257-272.
Donnelly, Robert C. (2003). Organizing Portland: Organized Crime, Municipal Corruption and the Teamsters’ Union. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Fall 2003), 334-365.
Doudna, Edgar G. (1947). Lost Men of American History by Stewart Holbrook. The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 30, No. 4 (June 1947), 492-494.
Dow, Neal. (1882). Results of Prohibitory Legislation. The North American Review, Vol. 134, No. 304 (March 1882), 315-325.
Drukman, Mason. (1994). Oregon’s Most Famous Feud: Wayne Morse versus Richard Neuberger. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 3, Postwar Politics in Oregon (Fall 1994), 300-367.
DuBois, W.E.B. (1935, 1962). Black Reconstruction in America 1860-1880. Meridian Books: Cleveland, OH and New York.
Duniway, Abigail Scott. (1914). Pathbreaking: an Autobiographical Hitory of the Equal Suffrage Movement in Pacific Coast States. James, Kern and Abbott: Portland. OR.
Edgerton, Keith. (1994). Wildmen, Wobblies and Whistle Punks: Stewart Holbrook’s Lowbrow Northwest by Stewart Holbrook. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 1 (January 1994), 44.
Edwards, G. Thomas. (1990). Sowing Good Seeds: The Northwest Suffrage Campaigns of Susan B. Anthony. Oregon Historical Society Press: Portland.
Edwards, G. Thomas. (1999). Six Oregon Leaders and the Far-Reaching Impact of America’s Civil War. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 1 (Spring 1999), 4-31.
Eisenberg, Ellen. (2003). As Truly American as Your Son: Voicong Opposition to Internment in Three West Coast Cities. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 104, No. 4 (Winter 2003), 542-565.
Elliott, T.C. (1918). The Surrender of Astoria in 1818. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 19 (Dec. 1, 1918), 271-282.
Elliott, T.C. (1921). The Origin of the Name Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 22 (June 1, 1921), 91-115.
Elliott, T.C. (1922). Jonathan Carver’s Source for the Name of Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 23 (March 1, 1922), 53-69.
Fairchild, Jim. (2011). The Portland Riverfront Fire of 1872. Fire and Rescue Blog. (Jan. 14, 2011). http://www.portlandoregon.gov/fire/article/333882
Fenton, William D. (1901). Political History of Oregon from 1865-1876. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 2 (Dec. 1, 1901), 321-365.
Fenton, William D. (1902). Political History of Oregon from 1865-1876. The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3, No. 1 (March 1, 1902), 38-70.
Fisher, Andrew H. (2001). They Mean To Be Indian always: The Origins of Columbia River Indian Identity, 1860-1885. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Winter 2001), 468-492.
Fletcher, Randol B. (2011). Hidden History of Civil War Oregon. History Pres: Charleston, SC and London.
Foster, Doug. (1999). Imperfect Justice: The Modoc War Crimes Trials of 1873. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Fall 1999), 246-287.
Franzmann, Paul. (2008). The Many Fort Walla Wallas. National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior. Retrieved from  http://www.odmp.org/officer/2011-indian-agent-andrew-j-bolon
Galliher, John F., Gregory Ray and Brent Cook. (1992). Abolition and Reinstatement of Capital Punishment During the Progressive Era and early Twentieth Century. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), Vol. 83, No. 3 (Autumn 1992), 538-576.
Gaston, Joseph. (1913). Portland, Oregon: Its History and Builders. S.J. Clarke Publishing Co.: Chicago and Portland, OR.
Gault, Robert. (1942). Murder Out Yonder by Stewart Holbrook. Journal of Crimal Law and Criminology, Vol. 33, No. 1 (May-June 1942), 70.
George, M.C. (1902). Political History of Oregon from 1876-1898 Inclusive. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3 (June 1, 1902), 107-122.
Gibbs, Daniel. (2011). The Yakama War. ABC-CLIO Schools. History and the Headlines. Retrieved from http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1171679&currentSection=1161468
Goeres-Gardner, Diane L. (2005). Necktie Parties: Legal Executions in Oregon 1851-1905. Caxton Press: Caldwell, ID.
Goeres-Gardner, Diane L. (2009). Murder, Morality and Madness: women Criminals in Early Oregon. Claxton Press, Caldwell, ID.
Goodall, George O. (1903). The Upper Calapooia. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 4 (Mar. 1, 1903), 70-77.
Gould, Charles F. (1976). Portland Italians 1880-1920. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 77, No. 3 (September 1976), 238-260.
Harmon, Rick. (1998). Thomas Condon and the “Natural Selection” of Oregon Pioneers. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 99, No. 4 (Winter 1998-99), 436-471.
Harper, Ida Husted. (1909). Status of Woman Suffrage in the United States. The North American Review, Vol. 189, No. 641 (April 1909), 502-512.
Helquist, Michael. (2007). Portland to the Rescue: The Rose City’s Response to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 108, No. 3 (Fall 2007), 384-409.
Hills, Tim. (2000). Oregon Places: Myths and Anarchists: Sorting out the History of Portland’s White Eagle Saloon. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Winter 2000), 520-529.
Himes, George H. (1902). History of the Press of Oregon, 1839-1850. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3 (Dec. 1, 1902), 327-370.
Hodges, Adam J. (2007). Oregon Voices: At War Over the Espionage Act in Portland: Dueling Perspectives from Kathleen O’Brennan and Agent William Bryon. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 108, No. 3 (Fall 2007), 474-486.
Hoffman, Dennis E. and Vincent J. Webb. (1986). Police Response to Labor Radicalism in Portland and Seattle 1913-1919. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Winter 1986), 341-366.
Hogg, Thomas C. Negroes and Their Institutions in Oregon. Phylon (1960-), Vol. 30, No. 3 (3rd Quarter 1969(, 272-285.
Holbrook, Stewart. (1948). Wiring a Continent: The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States 1832-1866 by Robert Luther Thompson. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 17, No. 2 (May 1948), 214-215.
Holbrook, Stewart. (1954). The First Great Mogul. Challenge, Vol. 2, No. 7 (April 1954), 18-22.
Holbrook, Stewart. (1957). Restrictive Immigration Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition by Barbara Miller Solomon. Minnesota History, Vol. 35, No. 7 (September 1957), 326.
Holbrook, Stewart. (1982). Oregon Grapeshot. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Spring 1982), 93-94.
Hood, Susan. (1972). Termination of the Klamath Indian Tribe of Oregon. Ethnohistory, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Autumn 1972), 379-392.
Horowitz, David A. (1989). The Klansman as Outsider: Ethnocultural Solidarity and Antielitism in the Oregon Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 80, No. 1 (January 1989), 12-20.
Horowitz, David A. (1989). Social Morality and Personal Revitalization: Oregon’s Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 90, No. 4 (Winter 1989), 365-384.
Hoxie, Frederick E. and Jay T. Nelson. (2007). Lewis and Clark and the Indian Country: The Native American Perspective. University of Illinois Press: Urbana, IL.
Hull, Dorothy. (1916). The Movement in Oregon for the Establishment of a Pacific Coast Republic. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 17 (Sept. 1, 1916), 177-200.
Hutton, Paul Andrew. (1990). Historians of the American Frontier: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook by John R. Wonder. Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 86, No. 3 (September 1990), 321-322.
Hutzel, Eleonore L. (1929). The Policewoman. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 146 The Police and the Crime Problem (November 1929), 104-114.
Jensen, Kimberly. (2007). Neither Head Nor Tail to the Campaign: Esther Pohl Lovejoy and the Oregon Woman Suffrage Victory of 1912. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 108, No. 3 (Fall 2007), 350-383.
Jewett, Wayne. (2000). Marie Dorion and the Astoria Expedition. Wild West Magazine, October 2000. Retrieved from http://www.historynet.com/marie-dorion-and-the-astoria-expedition.htm
John, Finn J.D. (2012). Wicked Portland: The Wild and Lusty Underworld of a Frontier Seaport Town. History Press: Charleston, SC and London.
Johnson, David A. (1981). Vigilance and the Law: The Moral Authority of Popular Justice in the Far West. American Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 5 Special Issue: American Culture and the American Frontier (Winter 1981), 558-586.
Johnson, Donald P. (1996). Anti-Japanese Legislation in Oregon 1917-1923. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Summer 1996), 176-210.
Johnson, Judith R. (1997). A Municipal Mother: Portland’s Lola Greene Baldwin, America’s First Policewoman by Gloria E. Myers. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 2 (Spring 1997), 100-101.
Johnston, Robert D. (1998). The Myth of the Harmonious City: Will Daly, Lora Little and the Hidden Face of Progressive Era Portland. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 99, No, 3 (Fall 1998), 248-297.
Johnston, Robert D. (2003). The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford.
Juntunen, Judy R., Amy Dasch and Ann Rogers. (2005). The World of the Kalapuya: A Native People of Western Oregon. Benton County Historical Society and Museum: Philomath, OR.
Kaplan, Mirth Tufts. (1961). Courts, Counselors and Cases: The Judiciary of Oregon’s Provisional Government. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 2 (June 1961), 117-163.
Karlberg, patricia E. and Robert H. Keller. (1988). Oregon Clergy and Indian War in the Northwest: Home Missionary Correspondence 1855-1857. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 79, No. 1 (January 1988), 26-34.
Karson, Jennifer (ed.). (2006). As Days Go By: Our History, Our Land, Our People – The Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla. Tamastslikt Cultural Institute: Pendleton, OR.
Keire, Mare L. (2001). The Vice Trust: A Reinterpretation of the White Slavery Scare in the United States 1907-1917. Journal of Social History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Autumn 2001), 5-41.
Kip, Lawrence. (1999). Indian War in the Pacific Northwest: The Journal of Lieutenant Lawrence Kip. University of Nebraska Press: Lincoln, NE.
Knopp, James J. and J.A. Dean. (2003). Looking Backward at Edward Bellamy’s Influence in Oregon, 1888-1936. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 104, No. 1 (Spring 2003), 62-95.
Knopp, James J. (2004). Research Files: Documenting Utopia in Oregon: The challenges of Tracking the Quest for Perfection. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 105, No. 2 (Summer 2004), 308-319.
Kodachi, Zuigaku, Jan Heikkala and Janet Cormack. (1980). Portland Assembly Center: Diary of Saku Tomita. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 81, No. 2 (summer 1980), 149-171.
Kohl. David Grant. (2006). A Curious and Peculiar People: History of the Metropolitan Community Church of Portland, Oregon and the Sexual Minority Communities of the Pacific Northwest. Spirit Press: Portland, OR.
Labosier, James. (2004). From the Kinetoscope to the Nickelodeon: Motion Picture Presentation and Production in Portland, Oregon from 1894 to 1906. Film History, Vol. 16, No. 3, 3-D Cinema (2004), 286-323.
Lang, H.O. (1885-1886). Cost of An Indian War and Oregon War Papers. Published in The Sunday Oregonian in eleven installments between December 15, 1885 and June 6, 1886.
Lansing, Jewel and Fred Leeson. (2012). Multnomah: The Tumultuous Story of Oregon’s Most Populous County. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis.
Larsell, O. (1926). The Development of Medical Education in the Pacific Northwest. The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 27, No. 1 (March 1926), 65-112.
Larsell, O. (1945). History of Care of Insane in the State of Oregon. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 4 (December 1945), 295-326.
Larson, T.A. (1972). Dolls, Vassals and Drudges: Pioneer women of the West. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 1 (January 1972), 4-16.
Larson, T.A. (1974). Woman’s Role in the American West. Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Summer 1974), 2-11.
Larson, T.A. (1976). The Woman Suffrage Movement in Washington. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 2 9april 1976), 49-62.
Leeson, Fred. (1998). Rose City Justice: A Legal History of Portland, Oregon. Oregon Historical Society Press: Portland, OR.
Leschi – Justice in Our Time. (n.d.). Prelude to War. Washington State Historical Society. Retrieved from http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/leschi/prelude.htm
Levine, Philippa. (1994). Walking the Streets in a Way No Decent Woman Should: Women Police in World War I. The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 66, No. 1 (March 1994), 34-78.
Lewis, Richard and Carolyn M. Buan. (1991). The First Oregonians. Oregon Council for the Humanities: Portland, OR.
Liestman, Daniel. (1993). To Win Redeemed Souls From Heathen Darkness: Protestant Response to the Chinese of the Pacific Northwest in the Late Nineteenth Century. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2 (May 1993), 179-201.
Lipin, Lawrence M. (2006). Cast Aside the Automobile Enthusiast: Class Conflict, Tax Policy and the Preservation of Nature in Progressive Era Portland. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 107, No. 2 (Summer 2006), 166-195.
Lockley, Fred. (1916). Some Documentary Records of Slavery in Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 17 (June 1, 1916), 107-115.
Lomax, Ken S. (1999). Brought to You by Transcription: Portland’s Radio History. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Fall 1999), 320-327.
Lyman, H.S. (1901). The Aurora Community. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 2 (Mar. 1, 1901), 78-93.
MacColl, E. Kimbark. (1979). The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915-1950. Georgian Press: Portland, OR.
MacColl, E. Kimbark and Harry H. Stein. (1988). Merchants, Money and Power: The Portland Establishment 1843-1913. Georgian Press: Portland, OR.
Mangun, Kimberley. (2006). As Citizens of Portland We Must Protest: Beatrice Morrow Cannady and the African American Response to D.W. Griffith’s “Masterpiece”. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 3 (Fall 2006), 382-409.
Mangun, Kimberley. (2010). A Force For Change: Beatrice Morrow Cannady and the Struggle For Civil Rights in Oregon 1912-1936. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis, OR.
Mann, Charles C. (2011). 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created. Random House: New York.
Manson, Edward. (1916). Children and the Cinematograph. Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation, New Series, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1916), 346-353.
Mastony, Colleen. (2010). Was Chicago Home to the Country’s First Female Cop? Chicago Tribune, (Sept. 1, 2010). Retrieved from http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-09-01/news/ct-met-first-police-woman-20100901_1_female-officer-police-officer-female-cop
Matson, Cecil. (1980). Seven Nights, Three Matinees: Seventy Years of Dramatic Stock in Portland, Oregon 1886-1933. Privately Published in Portland, OR.
McCarver, M.M. (1903). Arrival of Emigration Company No. 1. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 4 (Mar. 1, 1903), 78-79.
McClay, Pauline Oelo. (1979). My Trip to the Fair: From Coos County to the Lewis & Clark Exposition of 1905. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. LXXX, No. 1 (Spring 1979), 51-65.
McClintock, Thomas C. (1995). James Saules, Peter Burnett and the Oregon Black Exclusion Law of June 1844. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 3 (Summer 1995), 121-130.
McCord, Joan. (2003). Cures That Harm: Unaticipated Outcomes of Crime Prevention Programs. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 587, Assessing Systematic Evidence in Crime and Justice: Methodological Concerns and Empirical Outcomes (May 2003), 16-30.
McCormack, Ellen C. (1912). A Glimpse into Prehistoric Oregon. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 13 (Mar. 1, 1912), 3-13.
McElderry, Stuart. (1998). Vanport Conspiracy Rumors and Social Relations in Portland 1940-1950. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 99, No. 2 (Summer 1998), 134-163.
McElderry, Stuart. (2001). Building a West Coast Ghetto: African American Housing in Portland 1910-1960. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Summer 2001), 137-148.
McGovern, James R. (1968). The American Woman’s Pre-World War I Freedom in Manners and Morals. The Journal of American History, Vol. 55, No. 2 (September 1968), 315-333.
McGriffith, Sarah M. (2004). Border Crossing: Race, Class and Smuggling in the Pacific Coast Chinese Immigrant Society. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2004), 473-492.
McLagen, Elizabeth. (1980). A Peculiar Paradise: A History of Blacks in Oregon 1788-1940. Georgian Press: Portland, OR.
Mercer, Bill. (2005). People of the River: Native Arts of the Oregon Territory. Portland Art Museum in association with University of Washington Press: Seattle.
Merriam, Paul G. (1976). Urban Elite in the Far West Portland, Oregon 1870-1890. Arizona and the West, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring 1976), 41-52.
Merriam, Paul G. (1979). The Other Portland: A Statistical Note on Foreign Born 1860-1910. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 80, No. 3 (Fall 1979), 258-268.
Minto, John. (1900). The Number and Condition of the Native Race in Oregon When First Seen by Whites. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 1 (Sept. 1, 1900), 296-315.
Moreland, Kimberly Stowers. (2013). African Americans of Portland. Arcadia Publishing: Charleston, SC.
Morris, William A. (1902). Historian of the Northwest: A Woman Who Loved Oregon, Frances Fuller Victor. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3 (Dec. 1, 1902), 429-434.
Mullins, William H. (1988). I’ll Wreck the Town If It Will Give Employment: Portland in the Hoover Years of the Great Depression. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 79, No. 3 (July 1988), 109-118.
Munk, Michael. (n.d.) The Portland Years of John Reed and Louise Bryant. Encyclopedia of Marxism. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/reed/bio/portland.htm
Munk, Michael. (1996). Oregon Tests Academic Freedom in (Cold) wartime: The Reed College Trustees versus Stanley Moore. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 97, No. 3 (Fall 1996), 262-354.
Munk, Michael. (2000). Portland’s “Silk stocking Mob”: The Citizen Emergency League in the 1934 Maritime Strike. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 91, No. 3 (Summer 2000), 150-160.
Munk, Michael. (2007). The Portland Red Guide: Sites and Stories of Our Radical Past. Ooligan Press: Portland, OR.
Munk, Michael. (2008). Oregon Voices: The Romance of John Reed and Louise Bryant: New Documents Clarify How They Met. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 109, No. 3 (Fall 2008), 461-477.
Murrell, Gary. (1999). Hunting Reds in Oregon 1935-1939. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 100, No. 4 (Winter 1999), 374-401.
Myers, Gloria E. (1995) A Municipal Mother: Portland’s Lola Greene Baldwin, America’s First Policewoman. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis, OR.
Myers, W.E. (2007). Oregon voices: Coyote Frees the Salmon. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 108, No. 4 Remembering Celillo Falls (Winter 2007), 543-545.
Nash, Lee. (1997). Abigail versus Harvey; Sibling Rivalry in the Oregon Campaign for Woman’s Suffrage. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 98, No. 2, Oregon Biography (Summer, 1997), p. 134-163.
Neilson, Barry J. (1911). The First-Born on the Oregon Trail. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 12 (June 1, 1912), 164-170.
Neilson, Barry J. (1915). Indian Words in Our Language. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 16 (Dec. 1, 1915), 338-342.
Nelson, Bruce. (1986). Unions and the Popular Front: The West Coast waterfront in the 1930s. International Labor and Working Class History,
Nesmith, James W. (1906). Diary of the Emigration of 1843. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 7 (Dec. 1, 1906), 329-359.
Nicoll, G. Douglas. (1998). The Rise and Fall of the Portland Hotel. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 99, No. 3 (Fall 1998), 298-335.
Northwest Black Pioneers: A Centennial Tribute. (1994). BON: Seattle, WA.
O’Donell, Terence. (1996). Cannon Beach: A Place By the Sea. Cannon Beach Historical Society: Cannon Beach, OR.
Olmstead, Timothy. (1984). Nikkei Internment: The Perspective of Two Oregon Weekly Newspapers. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 85, No. 1 9spring 1984), 4-32.
Oregon Bluebook. Oregon: Beginnings of Self Government.
Overton, Kathleen. (2011). Walks Far Woman – Marie Dorion. Friends of the Vista House Newsletter, Winter, 2011. Retrieved from http://vistahouse.com/pdf-news/winter2011.pdf
Pambrun, Andrew Dominique. (1978). Sixty Years on the Frontier in the Pacific Northwest. Ye Galleon Press: Fairfield, WA.
Pascoe, Peggy. (1989). Gender Systems in Conflict: The Marriages of Mission-Educated Chinese American Women 1874-1939. Journal of Social History, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Summer 1989), 631-652.
Paul, Rodman W. (1982). After the Gold Rush: San Francisco and Portland. Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 51, No. 1 (February 1982), 1-21.
Peace Meeting at Portland. Advocates of Peace (1847-1884), New Series, Vol. 5, No. 12 (December 1874), 93-95.
Pefifer, Michael J. (2003). Midnight Justice: Lynching and Law in the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 2 (Spring 2003), 83-92.
Perkins, Hayes. (2001). Here and There: An Itinerant Worker in the Pacific Northwest 1898. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 102, No. 3 (Fall 2001), 352-376.
Perry, Elisabeth I. (1985). The General Motherhood of the Commonwealth. Dance Hall Reform in the Progressive Era. American Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 5 (Winter 1985), 719-733.
Pigeon, Helen D. (1927) Policewomen in the United Sates. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 18, No. 3 (November 1927), 372-377.
Pintarich, Richard M. (1994). Wildmen, Wobblies and Whistle Punks: Stewart Holbrook’s Lowbrow Northwest by Brian Booth: Stewart Holbrook. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer 1994), 239-240.
Pitzer, Paul C. (1990). Dorothy McCullough Lee: The Successes and Failures of Dottie-Do-Good. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 91, No. 1 (Spring 1990), 4-42.
Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability. (2010). Historic Resources: Research Guide No. 1 Revised 3/23/2010: History of Portland and Oregon: A Selected Bibliography.
Ramsey, Jarold W. (1977). The Wife Who Goes out Like a Man, Comes Back as a Hero: The Art of Two Oregon Indian Narratives. PMLA, Vol. 92, No. 1 (January 1977), 9-18.
Richard, K. Keith. (1983). Unwelcome Settlers: Black and Mulatto Oregon Pioneers. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 1 and 2 (Spring and Summer 1983), 29-55 and 173-205.
Riley, Glenda. (1988). American Daughters: Black Women in the West. The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 38, No. 2 (spring 1988), 14-27.
Robbins, William G. (2008). Surviving the Great Depression: The New Deal in Oregon. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 109, No. 2 (Summer 2008), 311-317.
Rogers, Charles H. (1966). Police Control of Obscene Literature. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, Vol. 57, No. 4 (December 1966), 430-482.
Rose, Kenneth D. (1986). The Labbe Affair and Prohibition Enforcement in Portland. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 2 (April 1986), 42-51.
Rosemont, Franklin. (2003). Joe Hill: The IWW & the Making of a Revolutionary  Working Class Counterculture. Charles H. Kerr: Chicago.
Ruby, Robert H. and John A. Brown. (1972). The Cayuse Indians: Imperial Tribesmen of Old Oregon. University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, OK.
Santee, J.F. (1932). Edward R.S. Canby: Modoc War 1873. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 1 (March 1932), 70-78.
Schlup, Leonard. (1986). Republican Insurgent: Jonathan Bourne and the Politics of Progressivism, 1908-1912. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Fall 1986), 229-244.
Schrager, Sam. (1996). Western Voices: The Stories Communities Tell. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Summer 1996), 212-229.
Scott, Harvey W. (1899). History of Portland, Oregon. Press of F.W. Walter and Co.: Portland, OR.
Scott, Harvey W. (1904). Beginnings of Oregon – Exploration and Early Settlement at the Mouth of the Columbia River. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 5 (June 1, 1904), 101-119.
Scott, Harvey W. (1905). The Unity of History. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 6 (Sept. 1, 1905), 237-254.
Scott, Harvey W. (1917). The Pioneer Character of Oregon Progress. The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 18, No. 4 (December 1917), 245-270.
Scott, Leslie. (1913). Review of Mr. Scott’s Writings on His Favorite and Most Important Subjects. The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 14, No. 2 In Memoriam Harvey W. Scott (June 1913), 140-204.
Schwantes, Carlos A. Free Love and Free Speech on the Pacific Northwest Frontier: Proper Victorians vs. Portland’s “Filthy Firebrand.” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Fall 1981), 271-293.
Schwantes, Carlos A. From Anti-Chinese Agitation to Reform Politics: The Legacy of the Knights of Labor in Washington and the Pacific Northwest. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 4, Special Issue in Honor of Robert E. Burke (Fall 1997), 174-184.
Schwartz, E.A. (1991). Sick Hearts: Indian Removal on the Oregon coast 1875-1881. Oreogn Historical Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 1991), 229-264.
Shirley, Gayle Corbett. (2010). More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Oregon Women. Globe Pequot Press: Guilford, CN.
Shumsky, Neil L. (1986). Tacit Acceptance: Respectable Americans and Segregated Prostitution 1870-1910. Journal of Social History, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Summer 1986), 665-679.
Sears, Marian V. (1968). Jonathan Bourne Jr., Capital Market and the Portland Stock Exchange 1887. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 69, No. 3 (September 1968), 197-222.
Shein, Debra. (2000). Not Just the Vote: Abigail Scott Duniway’s Serialized Novels and the Struggle For Women’s Rights. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 101, No. 3 (Fall 2000), 302-327.
Shein, Debra. (2002). Boise State University Western Writers Series: #151 Abigail Scott Duniway. Boise State University: Boise, ID.
Shine, Gregory Paynter. (2006). Respite From War: Buffalo Soldiers at Vancouver Barracks 1899-1900. Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 107, No. 2 (Summer 2006), 196-227.
Simkins, John. (2013). Louise Bryant: Biography. Spartacus Educational. Retrieved from http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jbryant.htm
Simmons, Alexy. (1989). Red Lights in the American West: Entrepreneurs and Companions. American Journal of Historical Archeology, Vol. 7 (1989), 63-69.
Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll and Charles Rosenberg. (1973). The Female Animal: Medical and Biological Views of Woman and Her Role in Nineteenth Century America. The Journal of American History,
Soden, Dale E. (2003). The Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the Pacific Northwest: The Battle for Cultural Control. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Fall 2003), 197-207.
Spence, Clark C. (1971). Knights of the Tie and Rail: Tramps and Hoboes in the West. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January 1971), 4-19.
Stone, Harry W. (1946). Beginning of the Labor Movement in the Pacific Northwest. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 2 (June 1946), 155-164.
Sykes, Alan. (1998). Harold Farrow’s Splendid Portland 1910. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 99, No. 1 (Spring, 1998), 48-61.
Taylor, Quintard. (1979). The Emergence of Black Communities in the Pacific Northwest 1865-1910. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Autumn 1979), 342-354.
Teiser, Sidney. (1948). First Associate Justice of Oregon Territory: O.C. Pratt. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1948), 171-191.
Thomas, Ellen S. (1989). Scooping the Local Field: Oregon’s Newsreel Industry 1911-1933. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 3 9Fall 1989), 229-304.
Thorson, Winston B. (1944). Pacific Northwest Opinion on the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4 (October 1944), 305-322.
Tibbo, Helen R. (2003). Primarily History in America: How U.S. Historians Search for Primary Material at the Dawn of the Digital Age. The American Archivist, Vol. 66, No. 1 (spring-Summer 2003), 9-50.
Toll, William. (1997). Permanent Settlement: Japanese Family in Portland in 1920. The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Spring 1997), 18-43.
Toll, William. (1998). Black Families and Migration to a Multiracial Society: Portland, Oregon 1900-1924. Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring 1998), 38-70.
Tone, Andrea. (2000). Black Market Birth Control: Contraceptive Entrepreneurship and Criminality in the Gilded Age. The Journal of American History, Vol. 87, No. 2 (September 2000), 435-459.
Townsend, James G. (1938). Disease and the Indian. The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 47, No. 6 (December 1938), 479-495.
Tracy, Charles A. III. (1979). Police Function in Portland 1851-1874. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. LXXX No. 1-3 (Spring, Summer, and Fall, 1979), 5-30, 134-169 and 286-322.
Tracy, Charles A. III. (1980). Race, Crime and Social Policy: The Chinese in Oregon 1871-1885. Crime and Social Justice, No. 14, focus on racism (Winter 1980), 11-25.
Trimble, W.J. (1914). American and British Treatment of the Indians in the Pacific Northwest. The Washington Historical Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1914), 32-54.
Trow, Clifford W. (1981). Something Desperate in His Face: Woodrow Wilson in Portland at the Very Crisis of His Career. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 1 (Spring 1981), 40-64.
Tyler, Robert L. (1954). I.W.W. in the Pacific N.W.: Rebels of the Woods. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1954), 3-44.
Ullman, Sharon R. (1995). The Twentieth Century Way: Female Impersonation and Sexual Practice in Turn-of-the-Century America. Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 5, No. 4 (April 1995), 573-600.
Unknown Author. (1939). Film Censorship: An Administrative Analysis. Columbia Law Review, Vol. 39, No. 8 (December 1939), 1383-1405.
Unknown Author. (1955). Crime Comics and the Constitution. Stanford Law Review, Vol. 7, No. 2 (March 1955), 237-260.
Unknown Author. (1957). Entertainment: Public Pressure and the Law: Official and Unofficial Control of the Content and Distribution of Motion Pictures and Magazines. Harvard Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 2 (December 1957), 326-367.
Venn, George. (2006). Soldier to Advocate: C.E.S. Wood’s 1877 Legacy. Woodcraft of Oregon: La Grande, OR.
Victor, Frances Fuller. (1902). The First Oregon Cavalry. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 3 (June 1, 1902), 123-163.
Voeltz, Herman C. (1964). Coxey’s Army in Oregon, 1894. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 65 No. 3 (Sep. 1964), 263-295.
Wang, Joan S. (2004). Race, Gender, and Laundry Work: Roles of Chinese Laundrymen and American Women in the United States 1850-1950. Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Fall 2004), 58-99.
Ward, Jean M. and Elaine A. Maveety. (2000). Yours For Liberty: Selections From Abigail Scott Duniway’s Ssuffrage Newspaper. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis, OR.
Whaley, Gray H. (2010). Oregon and the Collapse of Illahee: U.S. Empire and the Transformation of an Indigenous World, 1792-1859. University of North Carolina Press: Chapel Hill, NC.
Whitner, Robert L. (1959). Grant’s Indian Peace Policy on the Yakima Reservation, 1870-1882. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 4 (October 1959), 135-142.
Wilfong, Cheryl. (2006). Following the Nez Perce Trail: A Guide to the Nee-Me-Poo National Historic Trail with Eyewitness Accounts. Oregon State University Press: Corvallis, OR.
Williams, George H. (1901). Political History of Oregon from 1853 to 1865. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 2 (March 1, 1901), 1-35.
Wong, Marie Rose. (2004). Sweet Cakes, Long Journey: The Chinatown of Portland, Oregon. University of Washington Press: Seattle and London.
Woodward, Walter C. (1910). The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon: Part 1. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 11 (Dec. 1, 1910), 318-354.
Woodward, Walter C. (1911). The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon: Part 2. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 12 (Mar. 1, 1911), 33-86.
Woodward, Walter C. (1911-1). The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon: Part 3. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 12 (June 1, 1911), 123-163.
Woodward, Walter C. (1911-2). The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon: Part 4. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 12 (Sept. 1, 1911), 225-263.
Woodward, Walter C. (1911-3). The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon; Part 5. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 12 (Dec. 1, 1911), 301-350.
Woodward, Walter C. (1912). The Rise and Early History of Political Parties in Oregon: Part 6. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 13 (Mar. 1, 1912), 15-70.
Wunder, John R. (1983). The Chinese and the Courts in the Pacific Northwest: Justice Denied? Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 52, No. 2 (May 1983), 191-211.
Yasui, Barbara. (1975). The Nikkei in Oregon 1834-1940. Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 3 (September 1975), 225-257.
Young, F.G. (1911). Oregon History for the Oregon System. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, Vol. 12 (Sept. 1, 1911), 264-268.